Economist

Economists study how people, firms and governments allocate scarce resources, and use that understanding to inform decisions. Day-to-day work depends on the setting: a central-bank economist forecasts inflation and models the effect of interest-rate changes; a competition economist assesses whether a merger will raise prices; a government economist appraises the costs and benefits of a policy; a financial-markets economist writes strategy notes for investors. The common thread is rigorous, quantitative analysis - building and interpreting econometric models - paired with the judgement and communication skills to turn that analysis into advice non-economists can act on.

• Model and forecast economic behaviour using data and theory
• Advise on policy, pricing, competition, regulation and investment
• Run econometric analysis and cost-benefit appraisals
• Translate technical findings into clear advice for decision-makers

Economists advise banks, regulators, consultancies and government on markets, policy and competition.

Economist pay varies sharply by sector: financial-markets and consultancy roles pay the most, the Government Economic Service and regulators offer strong, structured progression at somewhat lower headline pay, and academia sits separately. Chartered status and a strong postgraduate qualification lift earnings across all routes.

Economics jobs concentrate heavily in London - the location of the central bank, most regulators, financial markets and the large economic consultancies - where pay is highest. Government economist roles are more geographically spread across policy departments, and academia follows national university pay scales.

Typical entry routes:

• MSc Economics (1 year) - Often expected for the best-paid roles. Many employers, regulators and the Government Economic Service prefer or require a master's with a strong quantitative and econometric core; it is also the standard bridge for graduates whose first degree contained too little economics.
• Government Economic Service (GES) - The GES runs structured graduate and placement schemes across government, recruiting economists into the Treasury, regulators and policy departments - a well-regarded training ground with clear progression and a recognised professional standard.
• Apprenticeship & analyst progression - Some enter via economics-linked degree apprenticeships or as research analysts in consultancies and banks, then build economist credentials on the job - a lower-debt route, though the senior economist roles still tend to reward postgraduate study.

Skills you'll need:

• Translating technical analysis into clear advice
• Commercial and political awareness
• Report and briefing writing
• Structured problem-solving under uncertainty
• Stakeholder management and presentation
• Intellectual rigour and objectivity

Economic consultancies, specialist competition, regulation and litigation-support consultancies advise firms and regulators on mergers, pricing and market design - a major graduate employer of economists.

The Treasury, spending departments and analytical functions employ hundreds of economists to appraise policy, model the economy and advise ministers. Holds sponsor licences for eligible roles.

The Bank of England and sector regulators (energy, telecoms, water, competition, financial conduct) rely on economists for monetary analysis, market oversight and enforcement.

Independent economic research institutes and policy think tanks produce the analysis that shapes public debate - influential, mission-driven and highly analytical. Large utilities, energy firms, retailers and industry bodies employ in-house economists for forecasting, pricing strategy and regulatory affairs.

Years 0-2: Assistant / Graduate Economist - Join a graduate scheme (finance, consultancy, Government Economic Service) and build core econometric and modelling skills on live projects.

Years 2-5: Economist - Own analysis end-to-end, specialise (macro, competition, regulation, development) and start advising clients or senior officials directly.

Years 5-10: Senior Economist - Lead workstreams, sign off technical advice, manage teams and shape the economic narrative for the organisation.

Years 10+: Chief Economist / Director - Set economic strategy, represent the organisation publicly, and advise boards, investors or ministers.

For UK & Settled-Status students:

An economics degree costs £9,790/year on a Plan 5 loan (9% of income above £25,000). With graduate economist salaries typically above the national average - and finance and consultancy routes paying well beyond it - the return on investment is strong and repayments are comfortably affordable.

Economics-linked degree apprenticeships (for example in financial services or the Civil Service) let home students earn while they qualify, with the employer funding tuition through the apprenticeship levy. A lower-debt alternative to the traditional degree-plus-MSc route, though the top-paying senior roles still tend to favour postgraduate study.

Undergraduate economics applies through UCAS on the standard cycle, and competitive courses often expect strong mathematics. For the MSc route, applications open roughly a year ahead and the most selective, funded programmes fill early - apply by winter for September entry.

Many economics degrees offer a placement or sandwich year - a paid 9-12 month stint at a bank, consultancy, regulator or government department between the second and final year. It is one of the strongest routes into a graduate role and gives a decisive edge in competitive recruitment.

Because economics employers cluster in London, the highest-paying roles are concentrated there, with a clear salary premium. Government economist roles are more evenly spread across the UK, offering economics careers outside London at lower living costs.

A quantitative economics degree is the standard entry requirement, with strong microeconomics, macroeconomics and econometrics. For the best-paid roles and the Government Economic Service, a master's in economics is often preferred or required. Employers value econometric and data skills highly, so a numerate, technical degree is a real advantage.

Across four main areas: financial markets (banks, asset managers, hedge funds), economic consultancy (competition, regulation, litigation support), government and regulators (the Treasury, central bank, sector regulators, the Government Economic Service), and academia. Corporates and think tanks also employ economists. Finance and consultancy pay the most; government offers the most structured progression.

Graduate economists typically start around £30,000-£40,000, mid-level roles pay £45,000-£62,000, senior economists £65,000-£90,000, and chief or director-level economists exceed £95,000 - with the highest pay in financial markets and competition consultancy, and London commanding a clear premium.

Not always, but it helps significantly. Many finance and consultancy graduate schemes accept strong bachelor's graduates, but the Government Economic Service and the best-paid technical roles often prefer or require an MSc with a solid quantitative and econometric core. A master's is also the standard route for graduates whose first degree contained limited economics.

Yes. Economist roles are skilled occupations eligible for the Skilled Worker visa, and graduate salaries in finance and consultancy generally clear the threshold. Banks, consultancies and large corporates commonly sponsor - though some Civil Service economist posts have nationality or residency requirements that can limit eligibility.

An economist studies how markets and economies behave as a whole - forecasting, policy, competition, macro trends - and advises on decisions using economic theory and econometrics. A financial analyst focuses on specific companies, securities and investments - valuation, financial modelling and portfolio decisions. The skill sets overlap in data and modelling, but economists work at a broader, more policy- and market-level scale.

Often, yes. Joint degrees (economics with mathematics, finance or politics) are widely accepted if the economics content is strong. If your first degree contained little economics, a conversion or specialist MSc in economics is the standard bridge and is well regarded by employers and the Government Economic Service.

Econometrics and statistical modelling are central, alongside data-analysis tools such as Stata, R, Python or EViews, and techniques like forecasting and cost-benefit appraisal. Just as important is the ability to translate technical analysis into clear, decision-ready advice - the economists who progress fastest pair strong quantitative skills with excellent communication.

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